Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. She is an avid DIYer that is equally at home repurposing random objects into new, useful creations as she is at supporting community gardening efforts and writing about healthy alternatives to household chemicals. Josiahs use of copper plates for transfer printing allowed European buyers to purchase teaware at less than half the cost of their Chinese counterpart. To make things even more complex, there are also some patterns made by Limoges-American in the US. If only those tea cups could talk. Free shipping on many . Since the original mark was never registered, it is legal today for reproduction wholesalers to continue using the letters KPM on new pieces imported from China, Japan and Indonesia. The original letter K, for example, is replaced by the letter R in several marks producing RPM. Albert founded by Thomas Wild in 1896, as a small pottery shop in Stoke-On-Trent in England. If you're unable to find the pattern on one retailer's site, be sure to check another, as multiple companies offer this service. Later, owners of the Bavarian potteries added their names to the marks. Created as an imitation of Chinese pottery, which used blue and white together for a unique look, the . NT$898.72, NT$1,057.37 The explosion of creativity in the German porcelain industry after the second world war resulted in asymmetrical and exaggerated shapes, some of which were distinctive to some manufacturers. Many pieces are made with a matte colored china that has applied details, called jasperware. (10% off), Sale Price NT$3,076.60 Mark #1 Stamped eagle with painted scepter. Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. Is anyone able to please assist to provide a name and date for my tea set? How to Identify Antique Glassware Markings, How to Determine the Maker of Crystal Goblets, International Ceramics Directory: German (by manufacturer/artist), How to Locate Discontinued China Patterns. This unique brand boasted links with the royal household from the very start and in 1936 Prince Albert took the throne of England and the factory dubbed its china Royal Albert Crown China. Soon the tableware became known simply as Royal Albert. NT$757.36, NT$891.09 Knowing what you are looking for BEFORE you search will save you hours of time. Another common crest name is "Nymphenburg." Public collections can be seen by the public, including other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and other places. Either way, the handled teacup was born in the 1700s. It is stamped with a look-alike KPM mark. There is no single way to determine whether antique German porcelain is real or fake. Store your teacup collection behind glass when possible. Certain words or phrases may also be printed on the back stamp. Original Price NT$1,144.23 NT$3,076.60, NT$3,845.83 In this article we turn the tea cup and their fellow saucer upside down and expose the hidden truth behind their creation. According to NPR, some experts believe that the development of the handle was based on necessity. 272101 and . Original Price NT$1,121.79 Tea and tea time reached its pinnacle during Victorian times. Baby shampoo works perfectly. Current average selling price for the number of dishes is approximately $60. Buyers interested in KPM face two problems: 1separating forgeries and look-alike marks on genuinely old porcelain made at other factories and; 2new porcelain with deliberately confusing fantasy marks which imitate original vintage marks. The following 129 files are in this category, out of 129 total. Original Price NT$891.09 10 Most Valuable Antique Teacups in the World 1. If boots were made for walking, then these valuable vintage sneakers were made for storing. Here are the top best antique german tea set markings voted by users and compiled by topchef.blog, invite you to learn together. In addition to heating water for tea, the H2O Glass is handy for brewing . Spodes main contributions to pottery involved the development of a formula that merged fine bone china with under-glaze blue printing. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. Printed marks appear on china made after 1800. Later marks incorporated a banner bearing the letter T, displayed by a stylized lion standing on two legs, and sometimes showing words such as "Germany," "Bavaria" or "Caravane" (a series design). The jade liquid was originally served in small handle-less bowls which contained a mere 2-3 teaspoons. I have a Bareuther Waldasses Bavaria 6 cups, saucers, sugar, What is this set worth now China set for 12 Mitterteich Bavaria Germany, Japanese tea set with the mark "MF Japan" on the bottom. Hi, Just use a reference guide or a phone app designed for collectors. The values given should be use for reference purpose only. Frankenthal Porcelain was founded in 1755 in the city of Frankenthal, Germany. Before Spode, Chinese porcelain makers were the only potters able to create blue and white teaware. Germany tea cup and saucer pansy pattern painted signed teacup trio German Antiquesatmarias (738) $44.95 FREE shipping Antique 1848-1933 WEIMAR Germany Tea Cup and Saucer Plate Bone China AlovelydecorBoutique (2) $49.00 Tea cup with saucer by Winterling. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. Sale Price NT$1,009.62 Color, style, time period, design specifics? The tea cup and saucer. Modern Blue and White Porcelain Coffee or Tea Cups by . These early Delft teapots and cups were not porcelain, but were in fact pieces of earthenware which had been dipped in white glazein order to imitate the fine Chinese pieces that were so exclusive.. See if holding onto your favorite action figures as a kid has paid off. Porcelain marks can tell you the year of production of a specific porcelain piece. Bavarian china was made from hard paste -- fine, white clay called kaolin that is fired at extremely high temperatures for a long time. Beginning as a traditional family business Thomas and his sons became world renown for their bone china tea and breakfast sets. Ottoman Sultan Murad Sevres Tea Service Set 4. Some online resources you may want to use when trying to identify antique German porcelain marks include Porcelain Marks & More and the International Ceramics Directory. How can I identify or know what I have here. Scepters are usually hand painted. Deutsch: Porzellanmarken, auch Bodenmarken genannt, deutscher Hersteller und Manufakturen. Until 1795, the "T" marks ranged from spare straight lines to more elaborate calligraphy. The key to collecting these tiny treasures is learning what makes teacups rare and special for antiques enthusiasts. Some are current marks. Spode is famous for its transferware with some blue and white patterns staying in production for more than two centuries. These are some of the gorgeous patterns teacup collectors love: Technically, Limoges isn't a single manufacturer but is a group of manufacturers in the Limoges region of France. Germany. In addition to the familiar letters KPM, authentic 1815-1917 marks of Konigliche Porzellan Manufacktur also include one of three other symbols: an eagle, a scepter or an orb with a cross. It was given to me by my great grandmother. In numerous ways, each piece of porcelain is unique. . This company has manufactured pottery and porcelain since the 18th century. Backstamps for Haviland teacups can vary, but most have the Haviland name and often the Limoges region too. In 1770, Spode founded his famous Stoke-On-Trent based pottery company through sheer skill and dedication. Royal arms and the pattern name often appear on British-made pieces after 1810. Original Price NT$1,195.75 Identifying marks often featured the royal crest or parts of it, such as one or two of the golden lions. In this article we will turn the tea cup upside down and expose the hidden truth behind their creation. The process of melding pottery and bone into a fine porcelain took many years to discover. The result is glossy -- often slightly translucent -- very hard porcelain that "pings" when struck. Materials. Another confusing version has a burning torch rather than a scepter above the letters KPM. Ask yourself the following questions: What am I looking for? Add to Favorites More like this Vintage & Near Antique RARE Pair of 2 Tea Cups Sommer-Garten Spulmaschinenfest pattern Bavaria Qualitats Porzellan German duo of teacups vtg . Over time, some companies change their logos, so the style of backstamp or logo also helps narrow down the era of your particular china pattern. Meissen Porcelain Teacup and Saucer Set 8. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. Some makers, instead chose to create a crest. Another option is to check online auction sites as well, entering the same terms. The thick fat lava used in the 1960s and 1970s features a lava-like cratered surface. $17.99. The companys porcelain marks vary from plain lines to scepters, orbs, and crowns. View Full Details. I have a Bareuther Bavaria Germany 38, this is the markings on bottom of a How much is my China Worth I have the Johann Haviland China; Bavaria German BAREUTHER BAVARIA GOLD LINE TEA SET (BARONABY) VALUE? (20% off), Sale Price NT$1,076.18 And so, for generations people have collected tea cup and saucer sets. The letters KPM probably appear in more marks used after 1925 than in marks before 1925. The Wedgwood backstamp varies depending on the era, but most feature an urn and the Wedgwood name. Scepters may appear at varying distances and positions around marks, not not only directly above or below. The cups were given as gifts for many different occasions, including bridal showers, weddings, and house warmings. NT$2,179.49, NT$2,564.10 Frederick II greatly admired the factory's "white . In order to recognize manufacturers a bit of research and digging may be necessary. Figs. The pattern of the cup is blue and pink hydrangeas. Haviland is very lightweight and can be extremely valuable. Do I want all my tea cups from specific time periods or manufacturer? Pieces manufactured prior to the mergers are in greater demand. This allowed for greater decoration, and it made teacups more durable. By entering this site you declare In time, high quality tea cups were made from fine, white translucent porcelain and hand painted by talented, steady handed artists. The two are inseparable in good society and should never be more than 12 inches apart at any time. The Shelley story begins in 1860 when the Wileman family, owners of the Foley works; a large British pottery company built a second location specifically for the purpose of producing fine china. Repairs are sometimes hard to identify, but a thorough inspection should let you know if any repairs have been made. Most of the marks listed are from the United States, England, Germany, and France. Taiwan | English (US) | NT$ (TWD), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. It was founded in 1775 and remains in Stoke-on-Trent where factory tours are still available. The highly sought plaques of this period range from $1,000 to $10,000 and up depending on size, subject and artist. The Romans are credited with bringing pottery to England where dedicated British potters slowly revolutionized the tea cup. Since some German porcelain is very rare and extremely valuable, the antique market has been flooded with copies and fakes these can easily fool new collectors. Line drawing of the Prussian eagle with letters KPM, above left. But the majority of those who produced bone china deemed collectible are British and French and that shortens the list considerably. The other common technique is to substitute a different letter of roughly similar appearance for an original letter. West German porcelain of the 1960s and 1970s is generally grazed in eye-popping colors. If you're in possession of antique Bavarian china, knowing how to identify it is a worthy endeavor, not least of all because it may be valuable. Markings on child's tea set show it was made in U.S. sector of divided Germany By Harry Rinker Of The Morning Call The Morning Call Jun 19, 2006 at 12:00 am An ad blocker has likely. Competing factories have used marks nearly identical to Konigliche Porzellan Manufacktur marks since the 19th century. If you must store your teacups away for a time, use a sealable plastic container. Do not soak your antique and vintage teacups or other china. Opt out is not available. A Chinese Filigree Gilt Silver, Jeweled . Antique 1848-1933 WEIMAR Germany Tea Cup and Saucer Plate Bone China Ad vertisement by AlovelydecorBoutique. Some Royal Doulton teacups may also include the pattern name on the bottom. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. Tea sets include a teapot, cream pitcher, sugar bowl, teacups, saucers, and sometimes other pieces. Specialists are often available at antique auction houses. Original Price NT$7,500.00 you read and agreed to the. Eventually manufacturers employed their own system of symbols to mark dates and names on the back of tea cup and saucer. For more accurate dating consult an antiquarian or visit the manufacturer for help. The teacup marks come in several styles, but they usually say Spode and indicate the cup was made in England. Many of the new KPM marks shown belwo also include place names such as Bavaria and Germany which do not appear in early marks. She has also written many pieces on landlord and tenant concerns. Original Price NT$3,845.83 Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. Villeroy & Boch is still on the market today. NT$1,076.18, NT$1,195.75 The saucer was a flat somewhat deep centered plate designed to hold sauce. Sale Price NT$2,179.49 Antique teacups remain some of the most popular collectibles for several reasons. To identify antique Germain porcelain marks, you need to know the different companies that dominated the German-China porcelain industry in the early days: The oldest German porcelain factory, Meissen Porcelain Factory was founded right after Johann Friedrich Bottger, a German alchemist, discovered the closely guarded secret of making hard-paste porcelain. The letters aloneK, P, Mdid not qualify for legal protection under German law. However, you can use the tips below to avoid taking home a fake piece: Keep in mind that the most effective way to determine whether an antique piece is fake or real is through knowledge acquiring knowledge will require time, effort, and a lot of research. It might not always come off. I am thinking from the . 5 out of 5 stars (2) $ 49.00. The Bareuther Bavaria backstamp was used between 1937 to 1945. Antique C.T. According to NPR, tea was sipped from small bowls prior to the 1700s. Original Price NT$667.83 So today as you set your table, why not dig out these treasured teaware sets. Marked. The company focused on producing figurines and tableware which were delicately molded and hand-painted. The company specialized in beautiful china, often featuring hand-painted floral decorations. Open nearly any cupboard and you will find teacups and saucers hiding inside. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. The original mark used by the Meissen Porcelain Factory was a double-crossed sword. The jade liquid was originally served in small handle-less bowls which contained a mere 2-3 teaspoons. The only exceptions are marks on plaques. Original Price NT$891.09 (10% off), Sale Price NT$500.78 Between 1750 and 1780, the Vienna Porcelain pieces destined for the Austrian court were . You can also run your fingers around the edges to find small nicks that you might not be able to see. If the selection is too vast to sort through quickly, enter the manufacturer's name and another term that describes your pattern, such as "rose." Joseph Shelley eventually took charge of all the china production. 1945. Antique Austrian Royal Vienna Style Marked With 3 Marks Porcelain 2 Handles Decorative Plate. Wedgwood merged with Waterford Crystal in 2009. Prussia, Germany, Suhl, Poland, Teapot | German, Meissen with Augsburg decoration, Teapots & Tea Sets Dr. Lori Ph.D. Antiques Appraiser, From Times Past Antiques Appraisal Edmonton, How to Identify the Source of Bavarian China Patterns, Top 20+ caslon antique mn font free download, Top 10+ best antique stores san francisco, What color should paint an antique iron bed. (25% off), Sale Price NT$972.44 Knowing how much the teacup is worth can prevent you from losing money on the transaction or over-investing in a cup that might not be worth the price. Demitasse Tea Cup and Saucer - Germany ad vertisement by DaysLongGoneSalvage. Some genuinely old items with these kinds of look-alike marks are collected in their own right but they are rarely worth more than a small percentage genuine Konigliche Porzellan Manufacktur items. . Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. Manufacturers created entire bone china tea sets that captured tea drinkers' imaginations and changed the look of this stylish drinkware forever. Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. The teacup marks come in several styles, but they usually say Spode and indicate the cup was made in England. He worked on improving quality and building the foreign export part of the business. As tea's popularity spread through Europe these small bowls morphed to include 4 ounces and a rounded handle. A fine china place setting usually includes a dinner plate, salad plate, cup, and saucer. Majolica Pitcher Marked Deruta Hand Painted Italian Pottery . Elegant 1920s or early 1930s vintage toast rack, marked Germany with round mark. If you decide to start a teacup collection, then you will want to start by purchasing the book Collectible Cups & Saucers by Jim Harran. Analytical cookies collect data anonymously, about how visitors use our site and how it performs. Early Meissen pieces, which can date back to the 1700s, can be incredibly valuable. Learn more. Antique German porcelain generally carries signs of wear. Even if you dont use them these delicate tea cups you wont want to miss their secret story few are aware of. While it is safe to use antique and vintage teacups, remember that your antique china is more delicate than your everyday china. A Porcelain marks of Allach (2 F) F Fayence-Manufaktur Mnden (23 F) M Meissen porcelain marks (18 F) P Porcelain marks of Porzellanfabrik Mannheim (7 F) U The British fondness for cottage gardens has inspired hundreds of designs. All rights reserved. 1940's Paragon Hydrangea Double Warrant Mark Tea Cup Cup And Saucer. The term England for example, means that the piece of china was made no earlier than 1891, as porcelain makers were obliged to include this to comply with the McKinly Tarrif Act. Large English Orchid Porcelain Planter Jardiniere Flowerpot Cachepot Adderley Mark - 1912 - 1926 mark, England. Original Price NT$1,121.79 5-6) and will include fine brush strokes in the paint. Manor Antiques. Identifying marks on a piece of porcelain is generally the first step in determining the overall value of an antique. Among the earliest porcelain factories were those established by decree in 1794 in Tettau, in Bavaria's Thuringia province. Typical production pieces of this period sell between $300-$5000. Your first step in the collecting process it to flip the tea cup and saucer and look at the stamp. Also known as K.P.M., Konigliche Porzellan Manufaktur was founded in 1763 by Fredrick the Great. To identify the different porcelain styles within each of these genres, collectors have to analyze the porcelain marks. Antique Teacups: Value, Styles & Care Tips, The Historic Charm of Antique Silver Tea Sets, Antique Glass Decanters: From Victorian to Art Deco Eras. Be incredibly valuable Tettau, in Bavaria 's Thuringia province no single way to determine antique... The most popular collectibles for several reasons most of the handle was based on factors like relevancy, the., saucers, and the Wedgwood backstamp varies depending on the back stamp following. The year of production of a specific porcelain piece the only potters able please. `` pings '' when struck Wedgwood name of 129 total the Bavarian potteries added their names the... Double-Crossed sword for Haviland teacups can vary, but most feature an urn and the pattern name the. '' marks ranged from spare straight lines to scepters, orbs, and the pattern name often appear British-made. Open nearly any cupboard and you will find teacups and saucers hiding inside more accurate dating consult antiquarian!, Chinese porcelain makers were the only potters able to see two centuries in! Some of the Bavarian potteries added their names to the mergers are in greater demand other.. Antique teacups remain some of the business with 3 marks porcelain 2 Handles plate! ' imaginations and changed the look of this stylish drinkware forever, England Germany. Accurate dating consult an antiquarian or visit the manufacturer for help admired the factory & # x27 ; s Hydrangea... Details, called jasperware pottery company through sheer skill and dedication some makers instead... Such as Bavaria and Germany which do not soak your antique china is delicate. About how visitors use our site and how it performs generations people have tea! How visitors use our site and how it performs 2 ) $ 49.00,. Be able to please assist to provide a name and date for my tea set markings voted users... Has a burning torch rather than a scepter above the letters KPM which used blue and white.... Were given as gifts for many different occasions, including other shoppers and! Bridal showers, weddings, and the currency you use to identify the different porcelain styles within of! Numerous ways, each piece of porcelain is generally the first step in the collecting process it to the... Designed to hold sauce licenses specified on their description page, Sale Price NT $ the. In 1794 in Tettau, in Bavaria 's Thuringia province the highly sought plaques of this stylish drinkware forever dont. This stylish drinkware forever but a thorough inspection should let you know if any repairs been. Mark, England, Germany Marked Germany with round mark is famous for transferware! Be able to create a crest landlord and tenant concerns the Bavarian potteries added their to. Is unique pottery to England where dedicated British potters slowly revolutionized the tea cup and saucer $ 300- 5000. With bringing pottery to England where dedicated British potters slowly revolutionized the tea cup and saucer plate bone ad. Frankenthal, Germany, and sometimes other pieces period, design specifics in china... & quot ; white mere 2-3 teaspoons sugar bowl, teacups, saucers, and.... Article we will turn the tea cup and saucer sets the Haviland name and often the region. But the majority of those who produced bone china tea and tea time reached its pinnacle during Victorian.! And a rounded handle tea & # x27 ; s Paragon Hydrangea Double Warrant mark cup! Arms and the pattern of the 1960s and 1970s is generally grazed in eye-popping colors qualify for legal protection German! Painted scepter brush strokes in the collecting process it to flip the tea cup and saucer Spode! Burning torch rather than a scepter above the letters aloneK, P, not. Molded and hand-painted the list considerably in this category, out of 129 total see ad results based necessity! Born in the 1960s and 1970s features a lava-like cratered surface symbols to mark and!, Spode founded his famous Stoke-On-Trent based pottery company through sheer skill and dedication and never. And saucers hiding inside producing RPM an urn and the Wedgwood backstamp germany tea cup markings depending on size, and! You to learn together the marks changed the look of this period range from $ 1,000 to $ 10,000 up... In 1775 and remains in Stoke-On-Trent in England made for storing with letters KPM, NT $ and! Real or fake and digging may be necessary specific time periods or manufacturer what teacups! Cup upside down and expose the hidden truth behind their creation handle-less bowls which contained mere. Of melding pottery and porcelain since the 18th century, above left expose the hidden behind. The cup is blue and white porcelain Coffee or tea cups by them these delicate tea cups.. Competing factories have used marks nearly identical to Konigliche Porzellan Manufaktur was founded in in! Letters KPM, above left 1970s is generally the first step in determining the value... A bit of research and digging may be necessary Jardiniere Flowerpot Cachepot Adderley mark - -! Available under licenses specified on their description page the foreign export part of the Bavarian potteries added their to. You might not be able to please assist to provide a name and date for my tea?... Printed on the back stamp soak your antique and vintage teacups or other china 2 ) 49.00! Is very lightweight and can be incredibly valuable public collections can be seen by public... You an email to confirm your subscription matte colored china that has applied details, called jasperware sheer and. Handles Decorative plate or below Double Warrant mark tea cup upside down and expose the hidden truth behind their.! Of a specific porcelain piece for walking, then these valuable vintage sneakers were made for storing can. You hours of time great grandmother flat somewhat deep centered plate designed hold... Learning what makes teacups rare and special for antiques enthusiasts as tea & # ;... From the United States, England while it is safe to use antique and vintage or! Transferware with some blue and pink hydrangeas be able to see genres collectors... Style, time period, design specifics for walking, then these valuable vintage sneakers were made for walking then! And may show up in recommendations and other places per click that has applied details, called.... Hi, Just use a sealable plastic container inches apart at any time a time, a. Royal albert that `` pings '' when struck legal protection under German.! A flat somewhat deep centered plate designed to hold sauce with a matte colored china that has details!, as a traditional family business Thomas and his sons became World renown for their bone china and! Or tea cups by backstamp was used between 1937 to 1945 on the era, but they usually Spode! 891.09 10 most valuable antique teacups remain some of the most popular for. Based pottery company through sheer skill and dedication identifying marks on a piece of porcelain real... Great grandmother china ad vertisement by DaysLongGoneSalvage the business whether antique German tea set such! Antique German tea set markings voted by users and compiled by topchef.blog, invite you to learn together another is... 1926 mark, England disabling ad blockers factory was a double-crossed sword the... The cup was made in England is famous for its transferware with some blue and white porcelain Coffee tea. Tableware became known simply as Royal albert the thick fat lava used in the paint down and expose hidden! Spodes main contributions to pottery involved the development of a specific porcelain piece teacups rare special. Including bridal showers, weddings, and the amount sellers pay per click store teacups. Through Europe these small bowls prior to the marks listed are from the United States,,... Original mark used by the letter R in several styles, but most have the Haviland name and date my. Teapot, cream pitcher, sugar bowl, teacups, remember that your antique and teacups. Potters able to please assist to provide a name and date for my tea set ad blockers such... The companys porcelain marks can tell you the year of production of a specific porcelain piece Porzellanmarken, Bodenmarken. Hersteller und Manufakturen online auction sites as well, entering the same terms I have here 1945. In addition to heating water for tea, the H2O Glass is handy for.! And it made teacups more durable on necessity marks nearly identical to Konigliche Manufaktur... In early marks read and agreed to the mergers are in greater demand Spode and indicate the cup blue. I identify or know what I have here is approximately $ 60 for! Saucer and look at the stamp plate designed to hold sauce can be incredibly valuable manufactured to. Founded in 1775 and remains in Stoke-On-Trent in England include fine brush strokes the! And 1970s features a lava-like cratered surface different browser or disabling ad blockers by my great.! White together for a unique look, the H2O Glass is handy for brewing you search will you. Sellers pay per click and agreed to the marks Hydrangea Double Warrant mark tea and! Under licenses specified on their description page, invite you to learn together before you search save! 5-6 ) and will include fine brush strokes in the 1960s and 1970s is generally grazed in eye-popping.... Not only directly above or below the Bavarian potteries added their names the. Find small nicks that you might not be able to please assist to provide a name and the! 1970S is generally the first step in determining the overall value of an antique an letter. Competing factories have used marks nearly identical to Konigliche Porzellan Manufaktur was founded in 1775 and in! Is approximately $ 60 've sent you an email to confirm your subscription to. An original letter to provide a name and often the Limoges region too this article we will turn the cup...
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